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8020๋์ํต๊ณผ์จ๋คํ๊ณต๋ถ์๋ฃ์๋ฒฝํ์ํ๋คํ๋ฐ๋ชจ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์ด
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์ต์ PRM Certification 8020 ๋ฌด๋ฃ์ํ๋ฌธ์ (Q13-Q18):
์ง๋ฌธ # 13
For the Barings case study, segregation of duties was an issue. How did this present itself in this case?
- A. A trader was responsible for managing the expense account.
- B. A risk manager was responsible for managing the back-office
- C. A trader was responsible for managing the back-office.
- D. A trader was responsible for managing the front-office.
์ ๋ต๏ผC
์ค๋ช
๏ผ
Background of the Barings Case Study
Nick Leeson, a trader at Barings Bank, caused the collapse of the institution due to unauthorized trading in derivatives.
A critical failure was the lack of segregation of duties, allowing Leeson to both execute trades (front-office) and oversee trade settlement (back-office).
How Segregation of Duties Failed
Proper segregation of duties ensures that no single individual has unchecked control over trading and settlement.
Leeson was responsible for both trading (front-office) and settlement (back-office), meaning he could hide losses without detection.
Why Answer A is Correct
A trader (Leeson) should never have been managing back-office functions.
His dual role allowed him to manipulate records and bypass controls, leading to $1.3 billion in losses and the bank's collapse.
Why Other Answers Are Incorrect
Option
Explanation:
B . A trader was responsible for managing the front-office.
Incorrect - Traders are supposed to manage the front-office; the issue was their involvement in back-office functions.
C . A risk manager was responsible for managing the back-office.
Incorrect - The issue was lack of oversight on the trader, not risk managers handling back-office duties.
D . A trader was responsible for managing the expense account.
Incorrect - The main issue was the trader's control over trade settlement, not expense accounts.
PRMIA Reference for Verification
PRMIA Case Study on Barings Bank Collapse
Basel Principles on Segregation of Duties in Risk Management
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์ง๋ฌธ # 14
In operational resilience, what is impact tolerance?
- A. Impact tolerance is a firm's risk appetite statement.
- B. Impact tolerance is a firm's risk capacity statement.
- C. Impact tolerance is a firm's tolerance for disruption to a particular business service.
- D. Impact tolerance is a firm's tolerance for disruption to a particular business process.
์ ๋ต๏ผC
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์ง๋ฌธ # 15
Which of the following is not an action available to management and the governing body to align the strategy with Risk Capacity.
- A. Reduce scale of risks - shrink balance sheet or activity levels.
- B. Improve quality of risks - pursue lower rewarding risks with better prospects.
- C. Reduce retained earning - by increasing dividends in order to return funds to investors and improve reputation.
- D. Improve retained earnings - by increasing net income or reducing dividends in order to increase risk capacity.
์ ๋ต๏ผC
์ค๋ช
๏ผ
Step 1: Aligning Strategy with Risk Capacity
Risk capacity is the maximum level of risk a firm can bear based on financial resources, earnings, and capital structure.
Management can adjust risk capacity by modifying risk exposure, balance sheet size, or earnings retention.
Step 2: Why Option C Is Incorrect
Increasing dividends reduces retained earnings, which lowers capital reserves and reduces risk capacity.
Firms seeking to improve risk capacity should retain earnings, not distribute them.
Step 3: Why the Other Options Are Correct
Option A ("Reduce scale of risks") โ Correct as reducing balance sheet size lowers risk exposure.
Option B ("Improve quality of risks") โ Correct as taking on lower-risk assets improves stability.
Option D ("Improve retained earnings") โ Correct as more capital increases risk capacity.
PRMIA Risk Reference Used:
PRMIA Capital Management Framework - Defines risk capacity and earnings retention strategies.
Basel III Capital Standards - Stresses retained earnings as a key factor in risk capacity.
Final Conclusion:
Reducing retained earnings through dividends weakens risk capacity, making Option C the correct answer.
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์ง๋ฌธ # 16
For the National Australia Bank - FX Options case study, large and unusual transaction activity was a concern for what reason?
- A. Deep-in-the-money options and other complex structured transactions aided in the smoothing of profits and losses.
- B. Complex structured transactions aided in the smoothing of losses.
- C. Deep-in-the-money options aided in the smoothing of losses.
- D. Deep-in-the-money options and other complex structured transactions aided in the smoothing of losses.
์ ๋ต๏ผA
์ค๋ช
๏ผ
The National Australia Bank (NAB) FX Options Case Study is a well-known example of operational risk, fraud, and governance failure.
What Happened?
Traders engaged in unauthorized foreign exchange (FX) options trading, using deep-in-the-money options and other complex instruments.
They manipulated profits and losses to smooth earnings and mislead risk managers and auditors.
Why Answer C is Correct
The traders smoothed both profits and losses to avoid detection and ensure continued trading bonuses.
This aligns with PRMIA's Operational Risk Management Guidelines, which highlight that hidden trading losses and smoothing techniques increase financial crime risk.
Why Other Answers Are Incorrect
Option
Explanation:
A . Complex structured transactions aided in the smoothing of losses.
Incorrect - Smoothing occurred with both profits and losses, not just losses.
B . Deep-in-the-money options and other complex structured transactions aided in the smoothing of losses.
Incorrect - Profits were also manipulated, making this answer incomplete.
D . Deep-in-the-money options aided in the smoothing of losses.
Incorrect - This focuses only on deep-in-the-money options and ignores other structured transactions involved in the fraud.
PRMIA Reference for Verification
PRMIA Fraud and Risk Management Case Studies
Basel Principles on Market Risk and Internal Control Failures
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์ง๋ฌธ # 17
Which of the below is a definition of climate risk?
- A. Climate risk has been moved out of all risk taxonomies due to international agreement.
- B. Climate risk refers to change in the business climate during a recession.
- C. Climate risk refers to the growing impacts of credit risk on the business environment.
- D. Climate risk refers to the growing impacts that businesses and our overall society may face due to climate change.
์ ๋ต๏ผD
์ค๋ช
๏ผ
Step 1: Definition of Climate Risk
PRMIA and global financial regulators define climate risk as the financial, operational, and societal risks arising from climate change.
Climate risks impact businesses through physical risks (e.g., floods, wildfires) and transition risks (e.g., regulatory changes, carbon pricing).
Step 2: Why the Other Options Are Incorrect
Option A ("Climate risk has been moved out of all risk taxonomies due to international agreement") Incorrect because climate risk is now a central part of risk taxonomies, as emphasized by PRMIA, Basel III, and TCFD.
Option B ("Climate risk refers to the growing impacts of credit risk on the business environment") Incorrect because credit risk is just one aspect of climate risk, not the full definition.
Option C ("Climate risk refers to change in the business climate during a recession") Incorrect because climate risk is about environmental change, not economic cycles.
PRMIA Risk Reference Used:
PRMIA Climate Risk Guidelines - Defines climate risk as a financial and societal risk due to climate change.
TCFD (Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures) - Outlines regulatory expectations for climate risk management.
Final Conclusion:
Climate risk involves physical and transition risks from climate change, making Option D the correct answer.
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์ง๋ฌธ # 18
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